Problems of Successful Translation to Humans of Data from Animal Experimentation
One writer suggests that we can cut out a lot of philosophising about animal experiments by using this test:However, of every 5,00010,000 potential drugs investigated, only about 5 proceed to Phase 1 clinical Potential therapeutics may be abandoned because of results in animal tests that do not apply to Treatments that fail to work or show some adverse effect in animals because of species-specific influences may be abandoned in preclinical testing even if they may have proved effective and safe in humans if allowed to continue through the drug development pipeline. In 2004, the FDA estimated that 92 percent of drugs that pass preclinical tests, including pivotal animal tests, fail to proceed to the More recent analysis suggests that, despite efforts to improve the predictability of animal testing, the failure rate has actually increased and is now closer to 96 The main causes of failure are lack of effectiveness and safety problems that were not predicted by animal Animal testing is not only cruel and abusive but also inapplicable to humans, unreliable and often ineffective. Dr. Richard Klausner, former director of the US National Cancer Institute says, The history of cancer research has been the history of curing cancer in the mouse. We have cured mice of cancer for decades and it simply did not work in human beings.
Animal testing/experimentation is not necessary because it leads to suffering and death of millions of animals. In general, the debates over the use of animals in testing for medical research testing have been historically known for centuries. After the animal testing essay introduction, it is typical to present the claims of the proponents. They imply that there is no intentional harm in animal testing; moreover, the animals are well kept, fed, and treated nicely. Besides, they state that the absence of effective alternatives makes it impossible to eliminate this practice. They also emphasize the benefit of saving lives owing to animal testing. Nevertheless, certain environmental organizations aimed at the protection of animals call for no more animals in research and testing because of the cruel and inhumane practices. Your essay should emphasize the crucial importance of certain practices and lack of alternatives; however, it is also essential to touch upon the better options, available now o expected in the future.
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Animal Experimentation The practice of animal experimentation has increased tremendously over the globe. Animal research is immoral because animals are being subjected to not being properly advocated for, are experiencing detrimental testing and there are alternative methods other than crucial animal experiments. Animal testing is defined as a scientific experiment to where a live animal is forced to undergo something that is likely to cause them fear, discomfort, pain or distress (Fisher). Animal. Animal Testing is Animal Cruelty A procedure which is likely to cause pain, suffering, distress, or lasting harm. This is how the government defines animal experimentation (Spriet-Pourra). Many products are currently being tested on animals. They, however, do not prove to be very accurate at all. This is causing much money to be lost, along with countless animal lives. Innocent animals should not have to undergo the pain from the testing they undergo, nor death for a slight chance of an accurate.
As well as prevent the extinction of animals, so we have to think twice if we want to terminate animal testing because human population are keep increasing, and as well as the animals and disease. One of the examples of 80 drugs helping to treat animals was inhaler. An action research paper documents a "cycle of inquiry," in which the writer evaluates a problem and develops a strategy of reform. Educators and educational administrators typically use this writing format to foster continual improvement in teaching or organizational methods. Action research papers include several predefined steps, including problem identification, data collection, interpretation of varying theories, proposed resolution and implementation plans. Rather than analyzing problems objectively, the goal is for writers to assess their own roles in promoting progress. Animals have been used repeatedly throughout the history of biomedical research. Early Greek physician-scientists, such as Aristotle, (384 322 BC) and Erasistratus, (304 258 BC), performed experiments on living animals.
If experimentation using chimpanzees and other NHPs, our closest genetic cousins, are unreliable, how can we expect research using other animals to be reliable? The bottom line is that animal experiments, no matter the species used or the type of disease research undertaken, are highly unreliableand they have too little predictive value to justify the resultant risks of harms for humans, for reasons I now explain. Shocking, burning, and killing animals is all in a day's work for vivisectors A vivisector is someone who performs medical research on a live subject. If these atrocious acts were committed outside laboratories, they would be felonies. But animals suffer and die every day in laboratories with little or no protection from cruelty. Cruelty involving an innocent animal is a sensitive subject to most of us. In the words of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, animals in experimentation are subject to. According to the statistical data, testing in the US is conducted on 26 million animals. Those animals are used for research in the field of commercial products and various scientific advancements.
Junior Research Paper: Anti-Animal Testing An estimated of 100 million animals are used in commercial testing in a year in the United States alone. Millions of innocent animals such as rabbits, mice, dogs and cats are killed and abused every day for things like beauty and hair products. Imagine a family pet or a bunny in a factory operating table being abused, cut open and poked in the eye with a mascara wand until he's blind. This just an example of the horrifying truth behind animal testing. Although. Human societies have always been oriented at innovation and adaptability as desired features. On the other hand, old practices have the tendency of being kept by the researchers and organizations for a number of reasons. In an animal testing argumentative essay, the aspects should be explored in detail. The mentioned three RRRs (reduction, refinement, and replacement) represent a plan developed by numerous countries to ensure the decrease in the testing with the use of animals. A cosmetic animal testing essay should contain this argument for explanations of why it is important to eradicate the common practice.
(as cited in Arguments against animal testing, n. d. ). Moreover, even though animals are usually different from humans in the way they react to different diseases, the signs of the diseases are artificially induced on animals in an attempt to predict the human clinical follow-ups which result in shocking outcomes. In his article, Tatchell claims that many tragic results are being witnessed from blind faith in animal experiments, and states the tragic story of 76 people in Britain killed by the anti-rheumatic drug and the other 3500 who became ill by the same drug despite the drug having been approved after seven long years of animal research (Why animal research is bad science, 2004). Several reports demonstrate that little or no good has come from the decades of animal experimentation. According to an article about arguments against animal testing, annually over 115 million animals face experiments, and only 25 new medicines are approved globally each year ( Cruelty Free International, n.
Likewise, Galen (129 199 / 217 AD), a Greek physician who practiced in Rome and was a giant in the history of medicine, conducted animal experiments to advance the understanding of anatomy, physiology, pathology, and pharmacology. Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), an Arab physician in twelfth century Moorish Spain, introduced animal testing as an experimental method for testing surgical procedures before applying them to human patients. In recent years, the practice of using animals for biomedical research has come under severe criticism by animal protection and animal rights groups. Laws have been passed in several countries to make the practice more humane. Debates on the ethics of animal testing have raged since the seventeenth century. Theodore Roosevelt in the nineteenth century stated, Common sense without conscience may lead to crime, but conscience without common sense may lead to folly, which is the handmaiden of crime. The data showing the unreliability of animal experimentation and the resultant harms to humans (and nonhumans) undermine long-standing claims that animal experimentation is necessary to enhance human health and therefore ethically justified. Rather, they demonstrate that animal experimentation poses significant costs and harms to human beings.
Every year, the development of technologies causes the emergence of new experimenting methods, making science more efficient and more humane. Mention the subjective opinions of the researchers and limitations of the control samples when talking about animal testing. On the other hand, note the advantages of new computer models that avoid bias and manipulation of data. Animals are less close to people than in cell cultures. All in all, it is more ethical to try alternative testing techniques as they not only protect the animals but also increase the efficiency of science. As exemplified by the study of HIV/AIDS, TGN 1412, and other experiences,62 experiments with NHPs are not necessarily any more predictive of human responses than experiments with other animals. The repeated failures in translation from studies with NHPs belie arguments favoring use of any nonhuman species to study human physiology and diseases and to test potential treatments.
An equal if indirect source of human suffering is the opportunity cost of abandoning promising drugs because of misleading animal As candidate drugs generally proceed down the development pipeline and to human testing based largely on successful results in animals69 (i. e. , positive efficacy and negative adverse effects), drugs are sometimes not further developed due to unsuccessful results in animals (i. e. , negative efficacy and/or positive adverse effects). Because much pharmaceutical company preclinical data are proprietary and thus publicly unavailable, it is difficult to know the number of missed opportunities due to misleading animal experiments.
Despite the repeated failures, NHPs (though not chimpanzees or other great apes) remain widely used for HIV research. Action research papers provide a valuable inquiry process for settings in which a group of professionals need ongoing reform to deliver the best results. The topic may involve fixing an existing problem, such as student absenteeism, or learning about a subject that seems promising, such as blending learning models. As action research papers are informal and intended for an organizational audience, the format varies while incorporating staple elements. The paper may be written in first person and include an abstract. Suffer, Pain, Death: Animal Experimentation Would you like to see innocent animals suffering for you? No right because a lot of animals die and get tested for a lot of things such as for medical reasons, cosmetics products,and other things. For example, people who wear makeup theyre using products that are being tested on animals. They get tortured and suffer when they get tested, animals feel pain just as we humans do.
Both sides provide strong examples Based on thorough investigative research, the opening sections of an action paper evaluate existing theories and values from other experts alongside the writers' proposed beliefs. Another important element is the problem statement, which identifies the focus, research questions and challenges the writer faces in developing an effective strategy. The body of the paper addresses the writer's methods of data collection and analysis of their impact. Data collection usually involves actionable fieldwork, enabling researchers to tailor their analyses to their own environments. Toward the conclusion, the paper reports findings and presents a plan to take action to implement a proven, repeatable method. Moreover, creature inquire about has protected almost wiped out species, for example, the California condor and the tamarins of Brazil because of new regenerative systems being connected to imperiled species. (2 CBRA). This substantiated enough of that animal testing is necessary since it can defend people and animal.
The preparation led to mass poisoning causing the deaths of more than a hundred people. No animal testing was done. The public outcry caused by this incident and other similar disasters led to the passing of the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requiring safety testing of drugs on animals before they could be marketed. HIV/AIDS vaccine research using NHPs represents one of the most notable failures in animal experimentation translation. Immense resources and decades of time have been devoted to creating NHP (including chimpanzee) models of HIV. Yet all of about 90 HIV vaccines that succeeded in animals failed in After HIV vaccine gp120 failed in clinical trials, despite positive outcomes in chimpanzees, a BMJ article commented that important differences between NHPs and humans with HIV misled researchers, taking them down unproductive experimental Gp120 failed to neutralize HIV grown and tested in cell culture. However, because the serum protected chimpanzees from HIV infection, two Phase 3 clinical trials were undertaken57a clear example of how expectations that NHP data are more predictive than data from other (in this case, cell culture) testing methods are unproductive and harmful.
In her research paper titled Animal Testing and Medicine, (Hajar 2011) explains that animals have been tested all the way through the history of biomedical research. Although in recent years the practice of animal testing for biomedical research is under severe condemnation by animal rights activists because they are fighting for it to be more humane. (Hajar 2011) As a result laws have been passed in several countries to make the practice more kind and humane. (Hajar 2011) Discussions on the morals By the next minute you are reading this, 219 animals are killed in grief and pain in a US lab (Lugo,A. 2016). The Procon organization, the leading source for Pros and Cons of controversial issues, states that only in the US around 26 million animals are used for scientific experiments annually (Should Animals Be Used for Scientific or Commercial Testing?, 2016). Regardless of what is happening to animals, scientists are still using different animals such as rats, mice, rabbits, monkeys, and many others for the advancement of medical research and other experiments for human benefits.
For a very long period-of-time, much of the critics over animal testing has concentrated on toxicity testing- the blinding of bunnies, the poisoning of guinea pigs and other methods of so-called safety testing (Curren, Rodger, Hill & Erin, 2000). Scientific experiments are often unreliable, inapplicable, abusive, and, most importantly, immoral and inhumane methods of subjecting animals to suffer for the benefit of a human. Therefore, animals should not be used for different scientific researches and experiments. Drug testing using animals became important in the twentieth century. In 1937, a pharmaceutical company in the USA created a preparation of sulfanilamide, using diethylene glycol (DEG) as a solvent, and called the preparation Elixir Sulfanilamide. DEG was poisonous to humans, but the company's chief pharmacist and chemist was not aware of this. He simply added raspberry flavoring to the sulfa drug, which he had dissolved in DEG, and the company marketed the product.
It is possibleas I have argued elsewherethat animal research is more costly and harmful, on the whole, than it is beneficial to human When considering the ethical justifiability of animal experiments, we should ask if it is ethically acceptable to deprive humans of resources, opportunity, hope, and even their lives by seeking answers in what may be the wrong place. In my view, it would be better to direct resources away from animal experimentation and into developing more accurate, human-based technologies. It has been argued that some information obtained from animal experiments is better than no This thesis neglects how misleading information can be worse than no information from animal tests. The use of nonpredictive animal experiments can cause human suffering in at least two ways: (1) by producing misleading safety and efficacy data and (2) by causing potential abandonment of useful medical treatments and misdirecting resources away from more effective testing methods. Animal Testing As citizens of the United States we are entitled to our civil rights. They include our basic needs for living a happy and safe life. Animals however are not entitled to any rights to ensure them safety, good health, and proper living conditions.
Animal testing laboratories torture and kill innocent animals daily. The laboratories smell of chemicals and bleach, and the cages are dirty, and not properly kept. The horrible smells fill their nostrils and they are forced to walk in their. Wide differences have also become apparent in the regulation of the same genes, a point that is readily seen when observing differences between human and mouse Consistent phenotypes (observable physical or biochemical characteristics) are rarely obtained by modification of the same gene, even among different strains of Gene regulation can substantially differ among species and may be as important as the presence or absence of a specific gene. Despite the high degree of genome conservation, there are critical differences in the order and function of genes among species. To use an analogy: as pianos have the same keys, humans and other animals share (largely) the same genes. Where we mostly differ is in the way the genes or keys are expressed. For example, if we play the keys in a certain order, we hear Chopin; in a different order, we hear Ray Charles; and in yet a different order, its Jerry Lee Lewis. In other words, the same keys or genes are expressed, but their different orders result in markedly different outcomes.
Some students even use the fact of humane treatment of animals in the animal testing essay title. Researchers always take into account the conditions and consequences of experiments and care about animals.
Disadvantages to Write About in Animal Testing Essay
Besides, animals are used to test the latest medical treatment, check on the toxicity of drugs, and verify the level of safety that the products aimed at people will have. Animal testing is also in demand in the commercial industry and the area of health care. Since it is an issue of intense arguments whether it is ethically correct to use the animals in experiments, an animal testing argumentative essay is among the most popular topics at schools, colleges, and universities. Opinions Behind Why Animal Testing Is or Is Not Ethical Carissa A. Kelley Glen Oaks Community College Abstract Is it ethical to harm animals by performing experiments on them in order to provide research that will later benefit people? This research paper analyzes BLANK Number of journals and their opinions on animal testing. The two major viewpoints on animal testing are; animal testing is immoral, or animal testing is ethically acceptable.
The proposal also introduces a ban on the use of great apes - chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and orangutans - in scientific procedures, other than in exceptional circumstances, but there is no proposal to phase out the use of other non-human primates in the immediate foreseeable future.